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Spanking sparks aggression, does not reduce children’s behavior
problems
ANN ARBOR, March 31, 2010:
Discipline – whether it’s spanking, yelling or giving
time-outs – may sometimes do little to reduce children’s
behavior problems, a new study indicates.
The study – which involved
researchers from six universities, including the
University of Michigan
– looked at practices and perceptions of discipline in six
countries. Spanking led to more child aggression and anxiety,
regardless of the country, said Andrew Grogan-Kaylor, U-M
associate professor of social work.
So what should parents do to
teach children right from wrong?
“It may be that the long-term
investments that we make in children, like spending time with
them, showing that we love them, and listening to them, have a
more powerful positive effect on behavior than any form of
discipline,” he said.
The study
examined the associations of discipline techniques with
children’s aggressive and anxious behaviors from mothers and
children from in China, India, Italy, Kenya, Philippines, and
Thailand.
Unlike other studies, this
project collected information from both mothers and their
children. Participants included 292 mothers and their 8- to
12-year-old children.
Researchers used the sample to
address two questions:
• When multiple discipline
techniques are considered at the same time, which forms of
discipline emerge as having the strongest associations with
children’s aggressive and anxious behaviors?
• Are significant associations
between discipline practices and child behaviors moderated by
the extent to which mothers and children perceive these
practices to be normal in their communities?
The 11 discipline techniques
analyzed were: teach about good and bad behavior; get child to
apologize; give a time-out; take away privileges, spank; express
disappointment; shame; yell/scold; withdraw love for
misbehavior; threaten punishment or promise a treat/privilege.
Mothers and children were asked
was about the frequency with which others in their communities
used each discipline technique.
“When children perceive a
discipline technique to be (normal) within their culture or
community, they may be less likely to evaluate their parents’
use of it as aberrant or objectionable,” the study conjectured.
Grogan-Kaylor said the research
showed that the relationship of some kinds of discipline with
behavior problems varied according to how common use of that
type of discipline was in the community. However, despite these
small variations, there was a strong consistency in the results
across countries.
The bottom line: giving a
time-out, using corporal
punishment, expressing
disappointment and shaming were significantly related to greater
child anxiety symptoms.
Child aggression resulted from spanking, expressing
disappointment and yelling, the study said.
Researchers include: lead author
Elizabeth Gershoff,
University of Texas at Austin;
Jennifer Lansford and Kenneth Dodge,
Duke University;
Arnaldo Zelli, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie;
Lei Chang, Chinese
University of Hong Kong;
and Kirby Deater-Deckard,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University.
The findings appear in the
March/April issue of Child Development.
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Las
nalgadas promueven la agresión, no reducen los problemas de conducta
de los niños
ANN ARBOR: Los
castigos, ya sean nalgadas, gritos o penitencias, a veces poco
sirven para reducir los problemas de conducta de los niños, según un
nuevo estudio.
La investigación, que
involucró a académicos en seis universidades incluida la de
Michigan, observó las prácticas y percepciones de los castigos en
seis países. Las nalgadas condujeron a más agresión y ansiedad
infantil, independientemente del país, dijo Andrew Grogan Taylor,
profesor asociado de trabajo social en la UM.
Entonces ¿qué deben
hacer los padres
y las madres
para enseñar a los niños la diferencia entre lo correcto y lo
incorrecto?
“Bien puede ser que
las inversiones de largo plazo que hacemos en nuestros hijos, como
por ejemplo el pasar tiempo con ellos mostrándoles que los queremos,
y el escucharlos, tengan sobre la conducta un efecto más poderoso
que cualquier forma de castigo”, dijo.
El estudio examinó las
vinculaciones de las técnicas de castigo con los comportamientos
agresivos y ansiosos de los niños, en madres y niños de China,
India,
Italia, Kenia, las Filipinas y Tailandia.
A diferencia de otros
estudios este proyecto recogió información tanto de la madre como de
sus hijos. Los participantes incluyeron 292 madres y sus hijos e
hijas de 8 a 12 años de edad.
Los investigadores usaron la muestra para enfocar dos cuestiones:
• Cuando se
consideran al mismo tiempo múltiples técnicas de castigo ¿cuáles
formas de disciplina emergen como las que tienen las vinculaciones
más firmes con los comportamientos agresivos y ansiosos de los niños?
• ¿Existen asociaciones
significativas entre las prácticas de castigo y los comportamientos
infantiles moderados por la medida en que las madres y los niños
perciben que estas prácticas son normales en sus comunidades?
Las once técnicas de castigo
analizadas fueron: enseñanza sobre lo que es buena y mala conducta;
hacer que el niño
o la niña
pida perdón; tiempo en penitencia; supresión de algún privilegio;
nalgadas o bofetadas; expresión de disgusto y decepción; avergonzar
al niño; gritos; retiro del afecto debido a la mala conducta,
amenaza de castigo o promesa de recompensa.
Se les preguntó a las madres y a los
niños acerca de la frecuencia con que otras personas en sus
comunidades usaban cada una de las técnicas de castigo.
“Cuando los niños
perciben que una técnica de castigo es normal en su cultura o
comunidad, es menos probable que evalúen como aberrante o objetable
el uso que su madre haga de ella , según el estudio.
Grogan Taylor dijo que
la investigación mostró que la relación de algunos tipos de castigo
con los problemas de comportamiento variaban dependiendo de cuán
común sea el uso de ese tipo de disciplina dentro de la comunidad.
Sin embargo, a pesar de estas variaciones pequeñas, hubo una
coherencia firme en los resultados en todos los países.
La conclusión básica es que las
penitencias, el uso de castigo corporal, la expresión de decepción/disgusto
y el avergonzar al niño están relacionados significativamente con
mayores síntomas de ansiedad. La agresión infantil fue resultado de
las nalgadas, la expresión de decepción y las griterías, añadió el
estudio.
Los investigadores
incluyen a la autora principal Elizabeth Gershoff de la
Universidad de Texas en Austin; Jennifer Lansford y Kenneth Dodge,
de la Universidad Duke; Arnaldo Zelli del
Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie;
Lei Chang de la Universidad China en Hong Kong, y Kirby
Deater Deckard, del Instituto Politécnico y Universidad estatal
de Virginia.
Las conclusiones se
publican en la edición de marzo/abril de la revista Child
Development.
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